* Minsera.Blogspot.com *
Russia is an exporter of submarines and does not import them.
nb tolong baca paragraph 4
Exports
The Soviet and later Russian nuclear submarine program involved a
variety of industrial enterprises. It encompassed an expansive network
of research, design, and production centers, including the world's
largest shipbuilding complex, known today as the Russian State Center
for Atomic Shipbuilding (GRTsAS) in Severodvinsk, made up of two
shipyards: the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise (more commonly
referred to as Sevmash) and the Zvezdochka State Machine-Building
Enterprise. The Severodvinsk shipyards are involved in the design,
construction, testing, repair, and decommissioning of nuclear-powered
ships.
Submarine Tables for Russia
Russia's Submarine Exports
Project 865 Piranya (NATO Name Losos)
Previously, construction of nuclear-powered submarines was also carried
out at the Amurskiy Zavod shipyard in Komsomolsk-na-Amure, in the
Russian Far East. However, although the Zvezda shipyard in Primorskiy
Kray continues to be used for submarine dismantlement, all nuclear
submarine modernization procedures are now carried out at the
Severodvinsk shipyards in the Russian Northwest.
To date,
neither Russia nor the Soviet Union before it has sold nuclear
submarines to foreign parties. However, technology transfer from the
Soviet Union assisted the Chinese in the construction of their first
nuclear boat in 1966, which copied but was not identical to Soviet
Project 629 (NATO name Golf) class submarines. In addition, from 1988 to
1991 the Soviet Union leased a Project 670 Skat (NATO name Charlie I)
class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine, the K-43 (renamed Chakra
while in Indian service), although the reactors were operated by a
Soviet crew and the vessel was returned to the Soviet Union.[1] Since
the late 1990s, there have been reports that Russia and India have been
discussing the possible lease of a Project 971 Shchuka B (NATO name
Akula II) submarine.[2] President Medvedev confirmed that the Kremlin
was considering the deal during his trip to India in December 2008. One
vessel rumored to be a likely candidate for the lease is the Akula-II
class K-152 Nerpa, which made headlines in November 2008 after it
suffered an onboard accident while undergoing sea trials in the Sea of
Japan. A further indication of Russian plans was the creation of a
training center in Sosnovyy Bor, where three teams of Indian naval
personnel are reportedly undergoing extensive training in the operation
of an Akula-II class submarine.
Sosnovyy Bor, in the Leningrad region,
is the location of the Russian Navy Training Center, which has working
nuclear submarine reactors; the new training center building is adjacent
to the Russian Navy training center, and likely has simulators, not
reactors, inside.[4] The Russian Navy's Shchuka B submarines are
equipped with 28 cruise missiles, each armed with nuclear or
conventional warheads with a striking range of 3,000 km. However, the
Indian version is expected to be armed with the 300-km Klub missiles
already installed on the Project 1135 (NATO name Krivak) class frigates
and Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo) class diesel submarines
Russia has built for India.
Russia, like the Soviet Union
before it, has a large diesel submarine production program and actively
exports these boats. The height of Soviet submarine exports came between
1960 and 1980, when some 90 diesel boats were exported around the
world. The most-exported submarine was the Project 613 (NATO name
Whiskey) class boat: 61 submarines of this class were exported to eight
countries. In the early 1970s, the Soviets also exported large numbers
of Project 633 (Romeo) class submarines, which became the mainstay of
the Chinese fleet. By the mid-1970s, the Soviet Union had begun
exporting Project 641 (Foxtrot) class submarines.
Finally, in the
mid-1980s, it started selling the Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name
Kilo) and its later variant Project 636 class submarines, which are the
mainstay of its current export program. Contracts for 37 Varshavyankas
have been concluded to date, including three to Iran in the early 1990s,
as well as boats sold to India, China, Poland, Romania and Algeria.
Additional countries that have recently purchased Project 636 Kilo-class
submarines include Indonesia, who ordered two in 2007 at a cost of $200
million each, and Vietnam, who ordered six of the vessels in December
2009 at a cost of $2 billion. [12, 35] There are also widespread reports
that Venezuela may purchase six Project 636 submarines in the near
future.
Russia has ambitious plans for the export of additional
diesel-electric submarines and Rosoboroneksport believes that it may be
able to sell up to 40 fourth-generation vessels to foreign customers by
2015. [39] Both the Project 636 Kilo-class and the export version of the
Project-677, the Amur-1650, are equipped with the Novator 3M-54 Klub-S
integrated missile system. The Amur-1650 has also been fitted with a new
anti-sonar coating for its hull, as well as advanced anti-ship and
anti-submarine weaponry.
China has emerged as a critical
importer of Russian-made naval equipment. In 1994 Beijing purchased four
diesel-electric Varshavyankas from Russia, including two improved
Project 636 models. It is believed that these four original vessels are
scheduled to be retrofit in Russian shipyards in the near future where
they will be installed with the Klub-S anti-ship missile system. [3]
Today, however, China's inventory of kilo-class submarines has risen to
twelve with the remaining eight being Project 636 or 636M variants armed
with Klub-S missiles. [3] The order for an additional eight submarines
was completed in 2002 and by 2007 all of the submarines had been
delivered.
Five of these submarines were built at the Admiralty Shipyard
in St. Petersburg with the remainder being constructed at the Sevmash
Shipyard in Severodvinsk and Krasnoye Sormovo in Nizhniy Novgorod. There
have also been suggestions that Russians have continued to have a role
in assisting China in its construction of nuclear-powered submarines.
Further, it is possible that Russia might decide to export nuclear
submarines to China in the future, although no such negotiations appear
to have begun.
In addition to China, India is a key export
market for Russian submarines. Besides the possible lease of a
nuclear-powered submarine (mentioned above), India has imported ten
Varshavyankas (known in India as the Sindhughosh-class), six of which
are equipped with the 3M-54 Klub-S missile system. [11] Furthermore,
Russia is reportedly part of a joint bid with Germany's HDW for a sale
of submarines and submarine construction technology to India. The
Russian participation likely focuses on the submarines' weapon systems
(Russia has been jointly developing the BrahMos missile with India.
The chief promoter of Russian submarine exports is the Rubin Central
Design Bureau for Marine Engineering in St. Petersburg, which designed
three generations of Russian nuclear- and diesel-powered submarines,
including all of Russia's diesel submarines for export. Rubin showcases
these vessels at international defense exhibitions. The boats are
constructed at the Admiralteyskiye Verfi (Admiralty Shipyards) in St.
Petersburg, the Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard in Nizhniy Novgorod, and
Amurskiy Shipyard. The Malakhit (or Malachite) Central
Marine-Engineering Design Bureau, in St. Petersburg, has also been a
major designer of submarines, submarine power plants (both nuclear and
diesel), and submarine-launched weaponry since its formation in 1948.
More recently, it has turned to the design and production of
mini-submarines, for military and civilian uses.
nih yang ane maksud
4/10/2013 09:59:00 pm
* Minsera.Blogspot.Com * Pelatihan Warga Negara Palestina
(DMC)Indonesia melalui Kementerian Pertahanan terus berkomitmen
memberikan bantuan bagi Palestina dalam rangka meningkatkan Sumber Daya
Manusia (SDM), salah satunya dengan memberikan pelatihan di bidang kontruksi atau infrastruktur, pencarian sumber air dan pembekalan listrik.
Tahun ini, Kemhan melalui Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan (Badiklat)
Kemhan kembali memberikan kesempatan kepada empat orang warga Palestina
untuk mengikuti pelatihan di Indonesia. Duta Besar Palestina untuk
Indonesia Fariz N. Mehdawi, Selasa (9/3) bekesempatan meninjau secara
langsung kegiatan pelatihan bagi warga Palestina yang dilaksanakan di
Pusat Pendidikan Zeni (Pusdikzi) TNI AD, Bogor.
Saat
peninjauan, Dubes Palestina yang didampingi beberapa staff dari
Kabadiklat Kemhan dan Kedutaan Besar Palestina diterima oleh Komadan
Pusdikzi TNI AD Kolonel Czi Rido Hermawan, M.Sc berserta staf. Dalam
kesempatan tersebut Dubes Palestina menyaksikan secara langsung praktek
pembekalan air dan pembekalan listrik yang dilakukan oleh empat warga
Palestina.
Pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi warga Palestina yang
dilaksanakan oleh Kemhan tersebut merupakan bagian dari realisasi
kebijakan politik luar negeri Indonesia, dimana Indonesia merupakan
bagian dari negara–negara Asia Afrika yang sepakat untuk malakukan
pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) bagi 10.000 warga negara Palestina
untuk jangka waktu lima tahun.
Pelatihan dilaksanakan selama
empat minggu dimulai tanggal 26 Maret 2013 sampai dengan 17 April 2013.
Dalam penyelenggaraan pelatihan ini, Kemhan bekerjasama dengan tenaga
pengajar yang berasal dari instruktur dan guru militer Kodiklat TNI AD.
Kewaspadaan Indonesia terhadap ancaman bioterorisme terbilang kurang, bahkan cenderung tidak peduli. Karena itu, perlu kepedulian dari elite politik untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan terhadap ancaman bioterorisme.
"Bioterorisme
atau serangan dengan menggunakan bahan kimia dan biologis merupakan
ancaman nyata yang harus dihadapi negara berkembang seperti Indonesia.Di
dunia ini, perang harus diciptakan karena usia peralatan perang hanya
bertahan hingga 10 tahun. Karena itu, mereka menciptakan perang agar
peralatan perangnya laku.
Namun,
perlu disadari, sekarang ini ancaman tidak hanya berbentuk perang
konvensional, namun juga perang dengan media alternatif atau
biological," kata Sekretaris Jenderal Dewan Pimpinan Nasional (DPN)
Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia (HKTI), Fadli Zon, di Jakarta, Selasa
(9/4).
Dengan menggunakan media biologis, musuh menggunakan virus
penyakit atau serangan dengan bahan-bahan kimia dan biologis untuk
melumpuhkan suatu negara.
"Virus dapat menjadi ancaman nasional karena dapat merusak ekonomi dan politik suatu negara," ujar Fadli.
* Minsera.Blogspot.com *
Padang, 10 April 2013 - Semen Padang makin dekat ke babak 16 Besar Piala AFC 2013 setelah mencatat kemenangan 3-1 atas klub Hong Kong Kitchee SC dalam matchday keempat Grup E di Stadion H Agus Salim, Rabu (10/4).
Tambahan tiga angka ini mengokohkan Semen Padang di puncak klasemen sementara Grup E usai mengoleksi sepuluh poin. Tim Kabau Sirah unggul empat angka dari Kitchee yang berada di peringkat kedua.
Ambisi
lolos ke 16 Besar membuat Semen Padang sudah melakukan tekanan ke
pertahanan Kitchee sejak pluit kick-off ditiupkan wasit. Namun
pertahanan solid yang dikembangkan tim tamu membuat Semen Padang cukup
kesulitan mendekati kotak penalti.
Publik di Stadion H Agus Salim
bersorak kegirangan ketika Semen Padang membuka keunggulan pada menit
ke-14. Edward Wilson Junior memperlihatkan aksi individu dengan masuk ke
pertahanan Kitchee melalui sisi kanan, dan selanjutnya menaklukkan Wang
Zhenpeng.
Gol ini melecut motivasi pemain Semen Padang untuk
menggandakan keunggulan. Serangan demi serangan coba dibangun tim tuan
rumah. Hanya saja, penyelesaian akhir yang terburu-buru membuat mereka
gagal mengubah papan skor.
Kitchee mulai memberikan perlawanan
terhadap Semen Padang selepas laga berjalan setengah jam. Hasilnya, klub
Hong Kong ini mampu menyamakan kedudukan pada menit ke-34 melalui Jorge
Tarres menyambut umpan Lo Chi Kwan.
Menjelang babak pertama
berakhir, Semen Padang mampu menjebol gawang Kitchee. Bola muntah
tendangan Vendy Mofu disambar Wilson. Namun, wasit menganggap striker
tim Urang Awak ini terlebih dulu dalam posisi off-side.
Permainan
Semen Padang tidak mengalami perubahan di babak kedua, sedangkan
Kitchee lebih sering menunggu untuk melakukan serangan balik cepat.
Peluang diperoleh Wilson, namun tendangannya belum menemui sasaran.
Wilson
menjadi ancaman serius bagi pertahanan Kitchee. Pemain asal Liberia itu
kembali bisa menjebol gawang Kitchee di menit ke-65, tapi dianulir
wasit karena berada dalam posisi off-side.
Upaya Semen Padang
untuk memperbesar kemenangan membuahkan hasil di menit ke-71. Pemain
pengganti M Nur Iskandar mencatatkan namanya di papan skor setelah
tendangannya tidak bisa dibendung Zhenpeng.
Setelah golnya dua
kali dianulir, Wilson akhirnya memastikan kemenangan Semen Padang
setelah tendangan bebasnya menembus gawang Kitchee di menit ke-76. Skor
3-1 bertahan hingga laga berakhir.
Sumber: Goal.com
TIPS SEHAT MURAH MERIAH NANGKAP NYAMUK NON INSEKTISIDA.
(penyakit berbahaya dr nyamuk : malaria, demam berdarah, chikunya dll).
Bahan :
- 200 ml air panas.
- 50 gram gula merah.
- 1 gram ragi roti.
- 1 botol bekas plastik 2 liter.
Caranya:
1. Potong botol plastik (jenis PET) separuh.
2. Campurkan gula merah dng air panas hingga lebur.
Stelah dingin tuangkan di separuh bagian bawah botol bagian dinding dalamnya hingga rata.
3. Tambah RAGI. Tidak perlu diaduk nanti akan menghasilkan Karbon Dioksida sbg PENARIK PERHATIAN nyamuk.
4. Letakkan bagian corong, terbalik, kedalam separuh botol tadi.
5. Bungkus botol dng sesuatu yg berwarna hitam (isolasi), dan letakkan
di beberapa sudut rumah, toko, sekolah, rumah sakit, ladang dll. (
Terlindung hujan )
6. Biarkan skitar 2 minggu atau nyamuk sdh penuh silahkan cuci botolnya dan mulai lg dr awal.
ide : dr Giena Hadi
